ABSTRACT
Objectives?Ulcerative colitis is a global disease with increasing incidence and worldwide prevalence. So this study was undertaken to observe antiulcerative colitis activity of ethanolic extract of seeds of Nelumbo nucifera plant on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Materials and Methods?The effect of ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seed (EENNS) was studied on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in albino Wistar rats for 11 days. Disease pathogenesis was assessed by evaluation of disease activity index (DAI) including the following parameters: change in body weight, stool constituency, rectal bleeding in animals. Estimation of myeloperoxide (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidant parameters like malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase level was performed in colon homogenate of animals. TNF-? (tumor necrosis factor- ?) level was measured in colon homogenate using rat TNF-? ELISA kit. Statistical Analysis?Significant differences (mean?±?standard error of the mean) were detected using one-way analysis of variance followed by post-test using Graphpad prism 7.0 for multiple comparisons. Results?EENNS (400?mg/kg) significantly improved the disease progression, body weight, and colon length of the animals as compared with the disease control group. Animal treated with EENNS (400?mg/kg) showed significantly improved colon mucosal damage index (1.66?±?0.21) and DAI (11.66?±?4.01) as compared with the disease control group. A higher level of SOD and catalase and a lower level of MDA were observed in animals treated with EENNS (400?mg/kg) as compared with the disease control group. Animals treated with EENNS (400?mg/kg) significantly decreased in NO and MPO levels as compared with the disease control group. A lower level of TNF-? (561.94?±?14.84) was observed in EENNS (400?mg/kg)-treated animals as compared with the disease control group (736.92?±?15.3). These observations were comparable to those of the standard control group. Histopathological data showed that EENNS (400?mg/kg) has shown reversal of tissue inflammation as compared with the disease group and evidence of less cell infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes with normal structures of goblet cell and crypts as compared with the disease group. Conclusion?EENS (400?mg/kg) can decrease the severity of the UC produced by DSS. EENNS showed a protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis which may be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
ABSTRACT
Background: The inguinal canal is an oblique intermuscular passage lying above the medial half of the inguinalligament. Its size and form vary with age and sex, although it is present in both sexes, it is most well developedin male. The inguinal canal in both sexes has been studied by many workers both in India and in other countries.It is observed that the inguinal hernia and recurrence of hernia after surgery is very common in the kosi regionof Bihar. This observational study may help the surgeons during the operation of inguinal hernia.Materials and Methods: Present study conducted at the department of Anatomy, Katihar medical college andhospital Katihar and Lord Buddha Kosi Medical College, Saharsa during the period of 2010 to 2016. The cadaverprovided for dissection to the student of first professional MBBS, are selected for the study. Cadavers withinjured groin region are not taken for the study. Measurements were done by stainless steel scale and spreadingcalliper during dissection of groin region.Results: Anatomy of inguinal canal, superficial inguinal ring, the deep inguinal ring and the related structureswas studied in details in 50 cadavers in the dissection hall at the time of dissection. During this study I havefound that the average length of inguinal canal in the male was 38.35 mm. The longest diameter of deep inguinalring is 13 mm and smallest diameter is 9 mm. The average measurement of superficial inguinal ring was 12mmalong the base and 24mm from apex to base.Conclusion: At the end of the study I have found a little variation from the established facts related to diameter ofsuperficial inguinal ring, position of deep inguinal ring and direction of fibres of external oblique aponeurosis.
ABSTRACT
Background: Foramen magnum (FM) is an important landmark of the skull base and is of particular interest foranthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine and other medical field. It is one of several oval or circular aperturesin the base of the skull, through which medulla oblongata is transmitted. Variations of the shape of FM have gotdiagnostic clinical and radiological importance. The dimensions of FM have clinical importance because thevital structures that pass through it may suffer compression as in cases of FM achondroplasia and FM brainherniation, so this study aimed to access its diameter and determining its various shape.Materials and Methods: Study sample consisted of 75 dry adult human skull of unknown sex, free from anypathology and collected from Department of Anatomy, P.D.U. Medical College, Rajkot, Gujarat and Americaninternational institute of medical sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.Results: The FM was observed to have round shape in 8%, egg shape in 9.33% tetragonal in 25.33%, oval in33.33%, irregular in 2.67%, hexagonal in 8% and pentagonal in13.33% of the cases. The mean antero-posteriorand transverse diameter of the FM was recorded as 34.00+/- 2.38 mm and 28.68+/-1.88 mm respectively. TheMaximum diameter of antero-posterior and transverse diameter was recorded 39.53mm and 32.14mmrespectively. The Minimum diameter of antero-posterior and transverse diameter was recorded 28.72 mm and23.54 mm respectively.Conclusion: Though the present study has a limitation as the exact age and sexes of skull were not determined,this study may provide an important reference and the measurements may be used as a data for the descriptionof normal morphological variants of FM. The present study will be of useful to the neurosurgeons and is alsohelpful to the anthropologists and clinical anatomists.
ABSTRACT
The adsorption of fluoride on corn cobs powder was investigated in the present study. Neat powdered corn cobs did not show remarkable adsorption but aluminium treated corn cobs had good adsorption capacity. The parameters studied include the contact time, concentration, temperature and pH. Near neutral pH was identified as the optimum condition of the medium, and 90 to 120 minutes was the best contact time for maximum fluoride adsorption. The adsorption process was found to follow Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption process was found to be exothermic as adsorption decreased with increasing temperature.